https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index en-au 5 https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:31300 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:44:12 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:28211 in situmonitoring. This article outlines an application of the ET system to determine chloride (Cl) simultaneously, and multi cationic metal ions, including calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied as a data compaction technique to reduce the complexity of data from the ISE array without losing much information. A patent data preprocessing method, geneticICA, was utilized to improve the prediction accuracy of ANN. Moreover, Orthogonal Experiment Design was employed for minimizing the number of training samples without losing any quality characteristics for the specific ions. Using our methodology means that results can be obtained rapidly and accurately without disturbing the natural speciation. The robustness and appropriateness of the approach were assessed using the mean relative error (MRE). When configured and optimized, the ET system can quantify the concentration of the four desired metals and chloride with the average MRE being lower than 0.10.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:23:51 AEDT ]]>